Abstract
The regulation of early events in mammalian embryonic development is a complex process. In the early stages, pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth should occur at specific times and these events are regulated by different genes that are expressed at specific times and locations. The genes related to pluripotency and cellular differentiation, and growth factors that determine successful embryonic development are different (or differentially expressed) among mammalian species. Some genes are fundamental for controlling pluripotency in some species but less fundamental in others, for example, Oct4 is particularly relevant in bovine early embryonic development, whereas Oct4 inhibition does not affect ovine early embryonic development. In addition, some mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation do not seem to be clear or evolutionarily conserved. After cellular differentiation, growth factors are relevant in early development, and their effects also differ among species, for example, insulin-like growth factor improves the blastocyst development rate in some species but does not have the same effect in mice. Some growth factors influence genes related to pluripotency, and therefore, their role in early embryo development is not limited to cell growth but could also involve the earliest stages of development. In this review, we summarize the differences among mammalian species regarding the regulation of pluripotency, cellular differentiation, and growth factors in the early stages of embryonic development.
Highlights
To extend the challenge establishing pluripotent stembeen cellsfound in domestic cases, the transcription factorsofand growth factors that have are the animals, it is necessary to understand the establishment of pluripotency and how growth same, but their regulatory mechanisms and pathways differ between species
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-2 and IGFR-2 have been shown to regulate homeobox genes controlling apoptosis addition of IGF-2 in humans and cattle [156,157]. These results indicate that the IGF system is related to placental, fetal, and postnatal growth in mammals and is involved in the process of cellular differentiation in early embryos
IGF-1 in culture alternative pathways of regulation by the IGF system. These results suggest that it would medium improves blastocyst development rates in some species but not in mice, or IGFRbe interesting to use species other than mice, such as bovine or rabbit, for the study of 2 expression in some mammalian blastocysts but not in mice and sheep, indicate relevant human embryonic development
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. These events occur at similar times in some species, the expression of certain transcription factors and growth factors. 1. the these events at similar times that have been found are the same, but their regulatory mechanisms and pathways differ in some species, the expression of certain transcription factors and growth factors vary. Cases, the transcription factorsofand growth factors that have are the animals, it is necessary to understand the establishment of pluripotency and how growth same, but their regulatory mechanisms and pathways differ between species. Focus on the most important factors the challenge establishing stemwe cells in domestic animals, it is necessary that orchestrate the early stages in embryonic development and their species-specific to understand establishment of pluripotency and how growth factors influencegene early regulatory embryos.patterns.
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