Plumeria alba-Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibits Antimicrobial Effect and Anti-Oncogenic Activity against Glioblastoma U118 MG Cancer Cell Line.

Muthuraj Rudrappa,Sreenivasa Nayaka,Asmatanzeem Bepari,Shashiraj Kariyellappa Nagaraja,Rasha Assad Assiri,Bidhayak Chakraborty,Hassan Ahmed Rudayni,Dhanyakumara Shivapoojar Basavarajappa,Shaik Kalimulla Niazi,Pallavi Sathyanarayana Swamy,Shekappa Ningappa Agadi

doi:10.3390/nano12030493

Abstract

Plumeria alba (P. alba) is a small laticiferous tree with promising medicinal properties. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and non-hazardous compared to chemical and physical synthesis methods. Current research aiming to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the leaf extract of P. alba (P- AgNPs) has described its physiochemical and pharmacological properties in recognition of its therapeutic potential as an anticancer and antimicrobial agent. These biogenic synthesized P-AgNPs were physiochemically characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and zeta potential analysis. Antimicrobial activity was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Candida glabrata. Anticancer activity against glioblastoma U118 MG cancer lines was investigated using an MTT assay, and apoptosis activity was determined by flow cytometry. UV–visible spectroscopic analysis portrayed surface plasmon resonance at 403 nm of synthesized P-AgNPs, and FTIR suggested the presence of amines, alkanes, and phenol molecules that could be involved in reduction and capping processes during AgNPs formation. Synthesized particles were spherical in shape and poly-dispersed with an average particle size of 26.43 nm and a poly-dispersity index (PDI) of 0.25 with a zeta potential value of −24.6 mV, ensuring their stability. The lattice plane values confirm the crystalline nature as identified by XRD. These P-AgNPs exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against selected human pathogenic microbes. Additionally, the in vitro MTT assay results showed its effective anticancer activity against the glioma U118 MG cancer cell line with an IC50 value of 9.77 µg/mL AgNPs by initiating apoptosis as identified by a staining study with flow cytometric Annexin V–Fluorescein Isothiocyanate (FITC) and Propidium Iodide (PI). Thus, P. alba AgNPs can be recommended for further pharmacological and other biological research. To conclude, the current investigation developed an eco-friendly AgNPs synthesis using P. alba leaf extract with potential cytotoxic and antibacterial capacity, which can therefore be recommended as a new strategy to treat different human diseases.

Highlights

Nanotechnology is the science that converges on the synthesis, characterization, exploration, and application of nanosized (1–100 nm) materials in diverse fields of applied science ranging from material science to biotechnology [1]
P. alba leaf aqueous exthe synthesis was confirmed by a change in the color of extract from pale yellow to a darktract; the synthesis was confirmed by a change in the color of extract from pale yellow to brownish suspension after mixing with 1 mM
The aiming to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)’ synthesis was primarily noted by the change in color of the reaction mixture and confirmed with UV-Vis analysis

Summary

Introduction

Nanotechnology is the science that converges on the synthesis, characterization, exploration, and application of nanosized (1–100 nm) materials in diverse fields of applied science ranging from material science to biotechnology [1]. They exhibit new, improved properties based on specific characteristics such as size, distribution, and morphology [2] It is one of the most demanding research disciplines that has attracted substantial interest from chemists, biologists, physicists, and engineers for various applications in emerging technologies and consumer products such as biomedicine, renewable energy, agriculture, antibacterial purposes, optical, sensors, catalytic devices, electronic appliances, and other products used for personal care, water, and soil treatment [3]. It enables the production of various nanoparticles (NPs) from various sources, including metals, metal oxides, nonmetals, lipids, polymers, and numerous nanocomposites. Reducing agents such as sodium borohydride, N,N-dimethylformamide, trisodium citrate, and other chemicals used in the chemical methods of synthesizing metal nanoparticles can increase the cost of production and result in hazardous wastes being released into the environment [6]

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