Abstract
Plug-in electric buses (PEBs) are a promising alternative to conventional buses to provide a sustainable, economical, and efficient mode of transportation. However, electrification of public transportation leads to a phenomenon of peak load that impacts the stability of low voltage (LV) feeders. In this context, the effective integration of an energy storage system (ESS) and photovoltaic (PV) in a bus depot charging ecosystem can lead to i) peak load reduction and ii) charging cost reduction with low carbon emission. Therefore, a limited PEB charge scheduling algorithm is proposed for: i) bus depot operator (BDO) profit maximization and ii) grid stability enhancement considering the constraints of PEB charging and grids. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for BDO profit maximization has been formulated and analyzed using IBM ILOG studio with CPLEX solver. Simulation has been performed for SkyBus electric fleet using real-world data such as actual bus arrival and departure schedules under diverse traffic, number of passengers, trip duration, daily load profile, solar radiation profile, and benchmark storage price. The charging impact of PEBs was tested on one of the distribution feeders in Auckland, New Zealand. The BDO generates revenue by performing energy trading among PV, ESS, PEBs, and buildings after incorporating capital investment, operation and maintenance, and depreciation costs.
Highlights
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in December 2015, resulted in a historical endorsement among more than 190 countries on a decarbonization plan to minimize the worldwide rise in temperature and carbon emissions
This paper developed a coordinated with limited charge scheduling algorithm
The unlimited charging of Plug-in electric buses (PEBs) in a bus depot charging station can maximize the daily profit of the bus depot operator (BDO)
Summary
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in December 2015, resulted in a historical endorsement among more than 190 countries on a decarbonization plan to minimize the worldwide rise in temperature and carbon emissions. To successfully implement this agreement, decarbonization is required in all subdivisions of the economy. A significant portion of energy consumption is due to the transport sector, which represented 23% of global emission in 2013, of which. This was a 68% increase compared to that in 1990 [1]. Auckland Transport (AT), New Zealand’s largest regional transport agency, joined 11 other global cities for the Fossil Fuel
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