Abstract
Results of numerical simulations of plug-nozzles are presented, and a phenomenological insight into the e owe eld development at different ambient pressures is given. Therefore, a e nite volume program using unstructured grids was adapted to the special boundary conditions of plug nozzles. Calculations were performed solving the Euler and Navier ‐ Stokes equations under ideal, perfect gas assumptions. Turbulence is taken into account with a k-e turbulence model. Numerical simulations are compared with experimental results of hot-run tests of a toroidal subscale model plug engine. Principal physical processes like expansion waves, compression shocks, and the recirculating base e ow region are in good agreement with available experimental data, and can therefore be predicted well. The simulations of a full-size plug nozzle, dee ned for a post Ariane 5 launcher, reveal a e owe eld behavior similar to the one observed with the toroidal subscale plug engine. Nomenclature I = impulse Mmix = molar mass p = pressure rO/F = mass ratio oxidizer/fuel mixture T = temperature a = angle « = nozzle area ratio k = isentropic coefe cient
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