Abstract
Environmental concern regarding the consumption of fossil fuels is among the most serious challenges facing the world. As a result, utilisation of more renewable resources and promotion of a clean transport system such as the use of Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) became the forefront of the new energy policies. However, the breakthrough of PHEVs in the automotive fleet increases concerns around the stability of power system and in particular, the power network. This research simulates the aggregate load profile of the UK with presence of PHEVs based upon different price scenarios. The results show that under the fixed rate and time of use programmes in the current grid, the extra load of the electric vehicles intensifies the consumption profile and also creates new critical points. Thus, there should always be excess standby capacity to satisfy peak demand even for a short period of time. On the other hand, when the consumers do not pay the price based on the actual cost of supply, those who consume less in peak hours subsidise the ones who consume more and this cross subsidy raises a regulatory issue. On the contrary, a smart grid can accommodate PHEVs without creating technical and regulatory problems. This positive consequence is the result of demand response to the real time pricing. From a technical point of view, the biggest chunk of PHEVs' load will be shifted to the late evening and the hours of minimum demand. Besides, from a welfare analysis standpoint, real time pricing creates no deadweight losses and corresponding demand response will limit the ability of suppliers to increase the spot market clearing price above its equilibrium level.
Highlights
Development and adoption of sustainable energy sources poses a great challenge in the world
The first strategy is the worst case scenario and results in high load on the network but still does not endanger the reliability of the system. They conclude that breakthrough of Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) imposes a new load on the distribution grid ; this load should be manageable with smart techniques such as Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)
With PHEVs it can be observed that demand peaks up around 17:30 which lasts for around 5.5 hours
Summary
Development and adoption of sustainable energy sources poses a great challenge in the world. The EU is working towards a global agreement to reduce the greenhouse gases emission and is adopting the actions of its own. At the same time the power industry and transportation sector-which account for 40% and 24% of global CO2 emissions respectively [2] have become the focal points of policies to reduce fossil fuel dependencies. In the case of Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), which can be connected directly to the power grid, the impact is higher and reduction of CO2 emissions depends on the source of electricity generation. A major concern is the possible impact of high load on the grid because PHEVs can plug- in for charging at any point in the distribution network regardless of the time in the day. With the increase in the number of PHEVs, the additional load has the potential to disrupt the grid stability and significantly affect the power system dynamics as a whole
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