Abstract
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are expected to play a role as power grid ancillary service providers through vehicle-to-grid (V2G) chargers, enabling higher levels of renewable electricity penetration. However, to fully exploit the storage capacity of PEVs and fast responsiveness, it is crucial to understand their operational characteristics. This work proposes a characterization procedure for V2G systems providing grid services. It extends the existing literature on response time, AC/DC conversion and reactive power assessment. Illustrative results were obtained by implementing the procedure using a Nissan Leaf battery electric vehicle (BEV) connected to a remotely operated commercial V2G CHAdeMO charger. The V2G system was characterized as having a relative inaccuracy and variability of response inferior to 3% and 0.4%, respectively. Its average communication and ramping times are 2.37 s and 0.26 s/kW, respectively. Its conversion efficiency and power factor both showed degradation in the power values below 50% of the charger’s nominal power. Moreover, the proposed visualizations revealed that: i) the V2G system implements power requests for the DC power flow; ii) the power factor control algorithm was nonoperational; and iii) the acquired data can leverage statistical models that describe the operation of V2G systems (which is of extreme value for researchers and operators).
Highlights
Transportation electrification is expected to play a major role in the decarbonization of power systems, tackling climate change concerns and helping to achieve international carbon dioxide (CO2 )reduction commitments
A grid services-providing V2G system consists of a plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), which allows for a bidirectional power flow and a connection point with the power grid
Mode 4 and the connection between the EVSE and the PEV is case C
Summary
Transportation electrification is expected to play a major role in the decarbonization of power systems, tackling climate change concerns and helping to achieve international carbon dioxide (CO2 ). Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are equipped with batteries that can be charged at controllable power levels and scheduled time intervals This allows for the design of charging strategies that mitigate the previously mentioned challenges and provide grid services [3], [4]. V2G CHAdeMO charger [14] It requires both local and remote testing to distinguish between the time the equipment takes to react to a given order (named as the “starting time”) and to effectively change its power output (“ramp-up/-down time”). It assumes that ramping time is proportional to the requested ramping. The implementation and expected outputs of the proposed procedure are exemplified for a Nissan Leaf BEV connected to a remotely operated commercial V2G CHAdeMO charger
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