Abstract

biology. Indeed, studies of this phenomenon from a therapeutic point of view contributed to the development of antibiotics. More recently, direct bacterial interference, rather than the use of an active microbial product, has been employed in situations in which repeated therapy with antibiotics has been ineffective. The most notable use of interference has been with staphylococci; an avirulent strain has been inoculated to terminate epidemics of staphylococcal infection in newborn infants [1, 2] and to stop repeated infections in individuals [3, 4] or to halt the spread of intrafamilial infections [5, 6]. Comparable studies have not been conducted in human pyelonephritis, but the question frequently arises whether mixed infections exist when several bacteria are isolated from the urine or appear sequentially with or without therapy. If mixed infections do exist, the role of bacterial interference in maintaining relationships between different bacteria may need study. The availability of a model of experimental pyelonephritis in the rat has permitted study of bacterial interference in renal disease. Streptococ-

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