Abstract
Although human blood is believed to be a sterile environment, recent studies suggest that pleomorphic bacteria exist in the blood of healthy humans. These studies have led to the development of “live-blood analysis,” a technique used by alternative medicine practitioners to diagnose various human conditions, including allergies, cancer, cardiovascular disease and septicemia. We show here that bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles form in healthy human blood observed under dark-field microscopy. These structures gradually increase in number during incubation and show morphologies reminiscent of cells undergoing division. Based on lipid analysis and Western blotting, we show that the bacteria-like entities consist of membrane vesicles containing serum and exosome proteins, including albumin, fetuin-A, apolipoprotein-A1, alkaline phosphatase, TNFR1 and CD63. In contrast, the refringent particles represent protein aggregates that contain several blood proteins. 16S rDNA PCR analysis reveals the presence of bacterial DNA in incubated blood samples but also in negative controls, indicating that the amplified sequences represent contaminants. These results suggest that the bacteria-like vesicles and refringent particles observed in human blood represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein aggregates derived from blood. The phenomena observed during live-blood analysis are therefore consistent with time-dependent decay of cells and body fluids during incubation ex vivo.
Highlights
Live-blood analysis (LBA) is a popular alternative medicine procedure often used in combination with therapies such as chiropractic treatments
Our work has shown that nanobacteria represent non-living mineralo-organic nanoparticles possessing various biomimetic properties, including the formation of bacteria-like morphologies[21,22,23, 32], the possibility to grow, proliferate and propagate by subculture[22, 32, 33], and the ability to bind to organic molecules[22, 27, 37]
While our observations show that pleomorphic bacteria-like structures and refringent particles form in human blood, our results indicate that these entities represent non-living membrane vesicles and protein aggregates that mimic live bacteria in various ways
Summary
Live-blood analysis (LBA) is a popular alternative medicine procedure often used in combination with therapies such as chiropractic treatments. Naessens described small living blood particles, which he called somatids, as part of a complex life cycle that may culminate in the formation of pathogenic bacterial forms under disease conditions[4, 17] While many of these observations were made before the advent of modern molecular biology analyses, recent studies have provided further support to the possibility that pleomorphic bacteria may exist in human blood. We have shown earlier that mineralo-organic nanoparticles spontaneously form in human serum when calcium, carbonate, phosphate and other ions exceed saturation[21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] The description of these mineral particles has helped us to resolve the controversy surrounding the existence of nanobacteria—small entities claimed earlier to represent the smallest bacteria on earth and the cause of various human diseases[39,40,41]. Our work has shown that nanobacteria represent non-living mineralo-organic nanoparticles possessing various biomimetic properties, including the formation of bacteria-like morphologies[21,22,23, 32], the possibility to grow, proliferate and propagate by subculture[22, 32, 33], and the ability to bind to organic molecules[22, 27, 37]
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