Abstract
In recent years, the biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from microorganisms has become an emerging trend for developing biocompatible nanomaterials that finds applications in nano and biomedical sectors. In the present study, we demonstrated a facile, green and eco-friendly method for AgNPs synthesis using the endophytic fungi (Colletotrichum incarnatum DM16.3) isolated from medicinal plant Datura metel and its in vitro antithrombin and cytotoxic activity. At first, biosynthesis of colloidal AgNPs was predicted by visual observation of color change and UV-visible spectra demonstrated specific surface plasmon resonance peak at 420 nm which confirmed the presence of nanoparticles. Microscopic analyses revealed the structure of highly aggregated, spherical and crystalline AgNPs in the diameter range of 5–25 nm. Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectral analysis confirmed the presence of probable biomolecules required for the reduction of silver ions. In vitro evaluation of thrombin activity demonstrates that AgNPs could exert strong inhibition against both thrombin activity (87%) and thrombin generation (84%), respectively. Further, in silico based mechanistic analysis yielded a better insight in understanding the probable amino acids responsible for AgNPs binding with thrombin protein. Similarly, in vitro cytotoxicity of synthesized AgNPs on human epithelial cells using MTT assay did not produce any substantial effects after 24 h exposure which indicates excellent biocompatibility nature, whereas notable toxicity was observed on human cancerous (HeLa) cells at 50 μg/mL (IC50 value). In addition, assessment of AgNPs at 10 μg/mL concentration via crystal violet method on biofilm forming Gram-positive (Vibrio cholerae) and Gram-negative bacteria (Bacillus cereus) revealed inhibition up to 85 and 46%, respectively. Overall, this study showed the possibility of microbially synthesized AgNPs as a potent inhibitor for managing acute thrombosis and highlighted their role for other biomedical applications.
Highlights
Fungal nanotechnology is an upcoming field of nanotechnology and it has gained tremendous impetus in fabricating nanoparticles with a wide range of applications toward human welfare (Vivian et al, 2018)
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA sequences of DM16.3 showed 99% similarity to Colletotrichum incarnatum and sequence analyzed with NCBI GenBank accession number KT358850
The results revealed that the AgNPs obtained from C. incarnatum DM16.3 did not show any inhibitory effect on seed germination and root elongation against both the tested seeds when compared with the control that exhibited inhibitory characteristics
Summary
Fungal nanotechnology is an upcoming field of nanotechnology and it has gained tremendous impetus in fabricating nanoparticles with a wide range of applications toward human welfare (Vivian et al, 2018). Different types of metal NPs have been biosynthesized namely, titanium, copper, zinc, gold, and silver (Mukherjee et al, 2001; Kirthi et al, 2011; Balakumaran et al, 2015; Jafarirad et al, 2016; Prabhu et al, 2017; Mohamed et al, 2019) Among these NPs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are found to be superior, as they have a larger surface area that results in greater surface energy, catalytic activity, and biochemical reactivity (Syed and Ahmad, 2012; Neethu et al, 2018; Ying et al, 2018; Zhou et al, 2018). Some of the most commonly used fungal genera for the biosynthesis of AgNPs are Fusarium, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Phanerochaete (Bhainsa and D’Souza, 2006; Vahabi et al, 2011; Syed and Ahmad, 2012; Neethu et al, 2018)
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