Player Types in Gamified Learning: Conceptualization, Validation, and Profiling

Abstract

Personalized gamification is often considered a superior approach to a one-size-fits-all method. This study addresses three limitations of previous personalized gamification research: (1) conceptual overlap in previous player type models, (2) lack of empirically validated questionnaires, and (3) inadequate profiling methods that only consider the dominant player type. We conducted two interlocking studies. Study One focused on accurately conceptualizing and measuring player types. It synthesized key attributes from previous models and proposed a new model, along with a questionnaire that underwent rigorous development and validation. Study Two focused on comprehensive player type profiling. It employed a new method, cognitive diagnostic models, which produced finer-grained profiles enabling multiple player attributes. Key contributions include a new player type model with five main archetypes, a valid questionnaire for the proposed model, and a feasible method for player type profiling. These contributions advance our understanding of player types and facilitate future personalized gamification practices.