Platinum–Nitrogen-Codoped TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalyst: Effect of Acid Catalysts on Visible-Light Activity

Abstract

Platinum–nitrogen-codoped TiO2 (Pt–N–TiO2) was prepared by a conventional sol–gel process via the addition of different acid catalysts: nitric acid (HNO3), acetic acid (HAc) and both (HNO3–HAc). The Pt–N–TiO2 samples were then characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–visible diffuse reflectance analysis. The samples successfully exhibited visible-light-induced photocatalysis for the degradation of dichloroacetate (DCA) and 4-chlorophenol (4-CP). The HAc/450 sample (following the notation “added acid catalyst/calcination temperature”) exhibited the highest visible activity for DCA degradation. This finding can be explained by the much stronger visible absorption of the calcined samples than the uncalcined samples and the slightly larger surface area of HAc/450 compared to other calcined TiO2 samples. However, the performance of 4-CP degradation was proportional to the Pt–N–TiO2 sample surface area regardless of visible absorption, which could be ascribed to the fact that 4-CP degradation can occur through a surface-complex-mediated pathway under visible irradiation.