Abstract
In addition to being biological barriers where the internalization or release of biomolecules is decided, cell membranes are contact structures between the interior and exterior of the cell. Here, the processes of cell signaling mediated by receptors, ions, hormones, cytokines, enzymes, growth factors, extracellular matrix (ECM), and vesicles begin. They triggering several responses from the cell membrane that include rearranging its components according to the immediate needs of the cell, for example, in the membrane of platelets, the formation of filopodia and lamellipodia as a tissue repair response. In cancer, the cancer cells must adapt to the new tumor microenvironment (TME) and acquire capacities in the cell membrane to transform their shape, such as in the case of epithelial−mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the metastatic process. The cancer cells must also attract allies in this challenging process, such as platelets, fibroblasts associated with cancer (CAF), stromal cells, adipocytes, and the extracellular matrix itself, which limits tumor growth. The platelets are enucleated cells with fairly interesting growth factors, proangiogenic factors, cytokines, mRNA, and proteins, which support the development of a tumor microenvironment and support the metastatic process. This review will discuss the different actions that platelet membranes and cancer cell membranes carry out during their relationship in the tumor microenvironment and metastasis.
Highlights
The molecular organization of cell membranes has been characterized thanks to studies that have assessed their mobility
Biomolecules, and mechanisms participate in these processes, including (1) the membrane reservoir in the demarcation membrane system (DMS) that is formed from the biogenesis of platelets and that is used in the extension and degranulation activities associated with platelet activation [33,36]; (2) the actin cytoskeleton of platelets [22]; (3) the activation of Rac1 and the redistribution and activation of the integrin αIIbβ3, which allow cells to change shape, mediated by the membrane and giving the platelets greater flexibility when spreading to small sites of the exposed subendothelium
Most of them are related to cancer at the different stages of tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, or metastasis. (1) cell adhesion: vWFC, fibrinogenC, fibronectinC, vitronectin, TSP-1C, TSP-2, and lamininC 8
Summary
The molecular organization of cell membranes has been characterized thanks to studies that have assessed their mobility. Significant changes occur in the membrane of cancer cells that give them the ability to migrate to sites distant from the primary tumor. These changes include the following: (1) Eliminating cell−cell junctions and the ECM by metastatic clones. Platelets are currently an important focus of research due to their role in developing cancer, angiogenesis, and metastasis [15] They have various membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, alpha granules, dense granules, and lysosomes, in addition to a complex membranous system, known as the open canalicular system (OCS), which allows for the connection of cytosol (as an external medium) and the dense tubular system (DTS), which stores essential metabolic enzymes [18]. The calcium release from these organelles leads to a profound ultrastructural change of the membrane, from an elongated and thin shape to a round vesicular shape [24]
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