Abstract
Genetic and physiological studies have revealed evidences for multiple signaling pathways by which the plastid exerts retrograde control over photosynthesis-associated-nuclear-genes (PhANGs). Recently, more and more studies showed that plastid signals affected more cellular processes other than PhANGs repression. Previous reports indicated that the herbicide norflurazon (NF)-derived signals, sugar signals and plastid gene expression (PGE)-derived signals all regulated anthocyanin accumulation and early anthocyanin biosynthesis gene expression in newly-germinated seedlings. In the research, we found that these signals also work as well for anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in mature Arabidopsis seedlings. Sugar/PGE signals doubled leaf total anthocyanins within 48 h (accumulated at the base of petiole), while NF signals induced a little anthocyanin accumulation (about 30 % and invisible to the naked eye). The plastid hexokinase (pHXK) participates in sugar/PGE signalling, while the plastid Genomes uncoupled protein 1 (GUN1) and the nuclear ABA-insensitive transcription factor 4 (ABI4) are involved in both sugar/PGE signalling and NF-derived signalling.
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