Plasticity of ontogenetic trajectories in cyprinids: a source of evolutionary novelties

Abstract

Research in evolutionary developmental (evo-devo) biology is making an increasingly important contribution to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment of complex morphological traits. Deciphering the ontogenetic trajectories leading to the differentiation of sister species (and the existence of hybrids) is a new challenge in our understanding of speciation processes. In the present study, we characterized the ontogenetic trajectory of lower lip morphology in two cyprinid species and their hybrids. Chondrostoma toxostoma has an arched lower lip and a generalist diet. Chondrostoma nasus has a straight lower lip and a specialist diet. An analysis of 99 C. toxostoma ,9 9C. nasus and 25 first-generation (F1) hybrid individuals demonstrated that the difference between arched and straight lip morphology was found to depend strongly on the height/width ratio of the lower lip. A comparison of the ontogenetic trajectories of these morphometric traits showed that the height of the lower lip was isometric to body length in both species, whereas developmental changes involving an acceleration and a hypermorphosis of the widening of the lower lip led to a straight lip morphology in C. nasus. F1 hybrids were characterized by an extreme phenotype resulting from a rate of lower lip widening slower than that in the two parent species. Therefore, we rejected a codominance hypothesis and concluded that the first stage of hybridization provides the foundations of evolutionary novelty. These results have important evolutionary implications because lower lip shape is linked to dietary behaviour in many fish species. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 342‐355. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Cyprinidae ‐ heterochrony ‐ hybridization ‐ hypermorphosis ‐ jaw shape ‐ Procrustes analysis.