Abstract
We report on an extrinsic surface plasmon-enhanced refractometer based on cladding mode resonance excitation in a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) equipped with a straight fiber Bragg grating (FBG). First, we show that the lattice pitch and the air hole diameter of the PCF microstructure define the spectral location of the excited cladding mode resonances. Second, we demonstrate that if the PCF parameters are properly selected, those resonances are sensitive to increases in steps of 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−4</sup> refractive index units (RIU) of the refractive index value close to that of water. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the sensitivity of PCF cladding mode resonances to refractive index changes in water-based solutions is reported. We achieved experimental values of 40.3 nm/RIU in terms of wavelength sensitivity and −801 dB/RIU in terms of amplitude sensitivity. The performance of our sensor is therefore comparable to that of tilted FBGs in step-index fibers used for water refractometry, which indicates the potential of our PCF sensor for biosensing. In addition, the sensor fabrication does not require any post-processing such as etching or polishing, which allows preserving the integrity of the fiber probe. Finally, the narrow spectrum within which the PCF operates, allows envisaging multi-target detection with a single fiber probe by using cascaded wavelength-multiplexed gratings.
Highlights
Optical fiber technology has been widely considered for point-of-care diagnostics using so-called lab-on-fiber probes [1]–[3], which are often based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology
The effective index of mode 1 calculated from equation (2) is neff = 1.328, which is slightly larger than that of the medium under test, which is another similarity to the approach using surface plasmon resonances (SPR)-enhanced sensing with tilted FBGs [35]
This paper shows a practical application of hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber for refractometry in water-based solutions
Summary
Optical fiber technology has been widely considered for point-of-care diagnostics using so-called lab-on-fiber probes [1]–[3], which are often based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology. Among various FBG-based sensors [4]–[6], one type that has shown to be promising exploits tilted FBGs in standard step-index fibers [7]–[10]. Recent applications of tilted FBGs targeted in situ detection of cancerous human lung tissue with potential for in vivo measurements [11] and label-free sensing of breast cancer cells at ultra-low concentrations [12]. These applications exploit cladding mode resonances that are excited following the inter-
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