Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) provides a potential therapeutic approach for killing malignant cell/solid tumors, but currently approved photosensitizers (PSs) are generally excited by visible light, limiting the penetration depth in tissues. It is necessary to develop a near-infrared (NIR) responsive photodynamic platform, providing maximum tissue penetration. Here, we present a gold nanopeanut platform exhibiting dual functions of NIR PDT and two-photon luminescence imaging. The nanopeanut with a size less than 100 nm exhibits two distinct NIR surface plasmon absorption bands at approximately 1110 and 1300 nm. To perform PDT, we conjugated commercial toluidine blue O (TBO) PS on the surface of the nanopeanuts. With spectral overlap, the 1230-nm femtosecond Cr: forsterite laser can excite the surface plasmons of nanopeanuts, transfer energy to TBO, and generate singlet oxygen to kill cells. Moreover, the plasmon resonance-enhanced two-photon luminescence of nanopeanuts can be used to map their delivery in vivo. These results demonstrate that the PS-conjugated gold nanopeanut is an effective theranostic system for NIR PDT.
Highlights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-activated chemotherapeutic treatment that utilizes singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species to react with surrounding biological substrates, such as mitochondria, lipid membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins
Chemicals used were of analytical grade hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (III) hydrate (HAuCl4 3H2O, Alfa Aesar, Haverhill, MA, USA, 99.99%), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Fluka, Munich, Germany, 96%), ascorbic acid (AA, Riedel-deHaen, Seeize, Germany, MW 176.13, 99.7%), silver nitrate
20 μL of 1 mM Rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RhBITC) was added to the above toluidine blue O (TBO)-PEGylated nanopeanut conjugates at room temperature and reacted for 6 h
Summary
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-activated chemotherapeutic treatment that utilizes singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species to react with surrounding biological substrates, such as mitochondria, lipid membranes, nucleic acids, and proteins. The process requires light at the appropriate wavelength to activate the photosensitizer (PS) accumulated in diseased tissues. Visible activation wavelengths cannot penetrate tissues deeply and seriously impede this therapeutic strategy for currently approved PSs. The step toward clinical practice prefers excitation with the least-invasive near-infrared (NIR) light, through which both blood and soft tissues have mild backscattering and low energy absorption, providing maximal tissue penetration. 2 of 18 2 of 16 low energy absorption, providing maximal tissue penetration. One primary method relies soynncthheemsiiscatol syyinetlhdePsiSs wtoityhiealdlaPrSgewtiwthoa-plahrogteotnwaob-spohropttoinonabcsroorspst-isoenctciroonss[-1s–e4c]t.ioAnn[o1–th4e].r appAenaolitnhgersatrpapteegalyinisgtsatkrainteggflyuiosrteaskcienngcfelureosroenscaenncceeerneesorgnyantrcaenesnfeerrg(FyRtrEaTn)safesra(FtoRoElTto) apsroavide ttwoool-tpohportoonviedxectiwtaoti-opnhootfoPnSetxhcriotautgiohntohfe PinSctohrrpoourgahtiothneoifnacotwrpoo-rpahtiootnonofcahrtowmoo-pphhootroen, e.g., dchyreommooplehcourlee,s,e.agc.t,idnygeams aoldeocunloers,toacttrianngsafesraednoerngoyr ftoortrthanesefexrcietanteirognyoffoar tPhSeaecxcceiptattoiorn[5,6,7,8].
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