Abstract
With the great extension of the human lifespan in recent times, manyaging diseases have inevitably followed. Dementia is one of the most-commomneurodegenerative aging diseases, in which inflammation-related Alzheimer’s disease(AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia. Amyloid accumulation in the brain,which occurs before any clinical presentations, might be the first and key step inthe development of AD. However, many clinical trials have attempted to removeamyloid from brains of AD patients, but none has so far been successful. Negativelycharged plasmon-activated water (PAW) is created by resonantly illuminated gold (Au)nanoparticles (NPs), which reduce the hydrogen-bonded (HB) structure of water. PAWwas found to possess anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we reporton an innovative strategy to retard the progression of AD by the daily consumptionof PAW instead of normal deionized (DI) water. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice weretreated with PAW or DI water from the age of 5 months for the next 9 months.Encouragingly, compared to DI water-treated mice, mice treated with PAW presentedbetter memory performance on a test of novel object recognition and had asignificantly lower amyloid burden according to 18F-florbetapir amyloid-PET andphosphorylated (p)-tau burden according to Western blotting and immunohistochemistrymeasurements. There were no obvious side effects in PAW-treated mice. Collectively,our findings support that PAW was able to reduce the amyloid and p-tau burden andimprove memory in an AD mouse model. However, the protein levels of moleculesinvolved in amyloid metabolism and oligomeric amyloid did not change. We proposethat the effects of PAW of reducing the amyloid burden and improving memory functioncannot be attributed to synthesis/degradation of amyloid-βprotein but probably inpreventing aggregation of amyloid-β proteins or other mechanisms, includinganti-inflammation. Further applications of PAW in clinical trials to prevent theprogression of AD are being designed.
Highlights
Www.nature.com/scientificreports many cognitive domains, including executive, visuospatial, and other functions, resulting in an inability to carry out activities of daily life
The four electro-spin resonance (ESR) splitting signals shown in Fig. S1A are characteristic of hydroxyl radicals[16]
Aβ containing 40 or 42 amino acids is the main component of extracellular senile plaques, which are the most important marker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology
Summary
Www.nature.com/scientificreports many cognitive domains, including executive, visuospatial, and other functions, resulting in an inability to carry out activities of daily life. By letting DI waterflow through supported gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) under resonant illumination, effective hot electron transfer breaks the hydrogen bonds and makes PAW more active than regular water in various chemical and physical reactions[18,19]. The resulting stable PAW exhibits distinct properties at room temperature, which significantly differ from those of untreated DI water, e.g., its ability to scavenge free hydroxyl and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and effectively reduce nitric oxide (NO) release from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cells. Energetic PAW was found to possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory properties, and increased solubility; it can be applied to eliminate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. PAW was applied to young AD animals to explore its preventive effects on memory decline and the amyloid burden
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