Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is the causative agent of deadly malaria disease. It is an intracellular eukaryote and completes its multi-stage life cycle spanning the two hosts viz, mosquito and human. In order to habituate within host environment, parasite conform several strategies to evade host immune responses such as surface antigen polymorphism or modulation of host immune system and it is mediated by secretion of proteins from parasite to the host erythrocyte and beyond, collectively known as, malaria secretome. In this review, we will discuss about the deployment of parasitic secretory protein in mechanism implicated for immune evasion, protein trafficking, providing virulence, changing permeability and cyto-adherence of infected erythrocyte. We will be covering the possibilities of developing malaria secretome as a drug/vaccine target. This gathered information will be worthwhile in depicting a well-organized picture for host-pathogen interplay during the malaria infection and may also provide some clues for the development of novel anti-malarial therapies.
Highlights
World Health Organization report summarized that about 198 million cases and 0.58 million deaths occurred in year 2013 (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014)
PTEX export system, found exclusively in the genus Plasmodium, is responsible for the translocation of proteins targeted beyond the vacuolar membrane of the parasite
Another important drug target capturing the interest in context of drug development area is plasmepsin V (PMV)
Summary
World Health Organization report summarized that about 198 million cases and 0.58 million deaths occurred in year 2013 (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Secretome of Malaria Parasite is another phenomenon involving the release of secretory proteins before or along with rupture of iRBCs. The released proteins interact with the components of the host immune system to provide conducive environment for merozoites before they invade new erythrocytes (Singh et al, 2009). PTEX export system, found exclusively in the genus Plasmodium, is responsible for the translocation of proteins targeted beyond the vacuolar membrane of the parasite (de Koning-Ward et al, 2009; Desai and Miller, 2014). The study indicates its mantle in cyto-adherence (Claessens et al, 2012) Proteins such as erythrocyte membrane protein 3 (Pf EMP3), Mature parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA; Lustigman et al, 1990), RESA, Pf EMP-1 (Sharma, 1997; Horrocks et al, 2005), KAHRP (Rug et al, 2006) and Pf EMP3 (Knuepfer et al, 2005) are involved in knob formation.
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