Plasmids of Shigella flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 provide advantages to bacteria in the host

Pawan Parajuli,Munazza I Rajput,Naresh K Verma

doi:10.1186/s12866-019-1455-1

Abstract

BackgroundShigella flexneri has an extremely complex genome with a significant number of virulence traits acquired by mobile genetic elements including bacteriophages and plasmids. S. flexneri serotype 1c is an emerging etiological agent of bacillary dysentery in developing countries. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of two plasmids of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 was determined and analysed.ResultsThe plasmid pINV-Y394 is an invasive or virulence plasmid of size 221,293 bp composed of a large number of insertion sequences (IS), virulence genes, regulatory and maintenance genes. Three hundred and twenty-eight open reading frames (ORFs) were identified in pINV-Y394, of which about a half (159 ORFs) were identified as IS elements. Ninety-seven ORFs were related to characterized genes (majority of which are associated with virulence and their regulons), and 72 ORFs were uncharacterized or hypothetical genes. The second plasmid pNV-Y394 is of size 10,866 bp and encodes genes conferring resistance against multiple antibiotics of clinical importance. The multidrug resistance gene cassette consists of tetracycline resistance gene tetA, streptomycin resistance gene strA-strB and sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase gene sul2.ConclusionsThese two plasmids together play a key role in the fitness of Y394 in the host environment. The findings from this study indicate that the pathogenic S. flexneri is a highly niche adaptive pathogen which is able to co-evolve with its host and respond to the selection pressure in its environment.

Highlights

Shigella flexneri has an extremely complex genome with a significant number of virulence traits acquired by mobile genetic elements including bacteriophages and plasmids
This paper reports the complete nucleotide sequence and gene analysis of the two aforementioned plasmids to further facilitate the understanding of the evolution and pathogenic determinants of Y394, a newly emerged serotype, serotype 1c, of S. flexneri
General features of pINV-Y394 The large virulence plasmid (VP) pINV-Y394 is of size 221,293 bp and comprises of 328 open reading frames (ORFs)

Summary

Introduction

Shigella flexneri has an extremely complex genome with a significant number of virulence traits acquired by mobile genetic elements including bacteriophages and plasmids. The complete nucleotide sequence of two plasmids of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 was determined and analysed. S. flexneri is the primary cause of shigellosis in the developing countries (up to 62% of all Shigella spp. infections) [5]. S. flexneri has no Mobile genetic elements including bacteriophages, insertion sequences and plasmids play a very important role in pathogen evolution and genomic plasticity in several bacterial pathogens and S. flexneri is not an exception. While performing the complete genome sequencing of S. flexneri serotype 1c strain Y394 (“Y394” hereafter) [7], we recovered two plasmids which provide pathogenicity advantage to Y394 in the host environment.

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