Plasma treatment is associated with decreased brain lesion and resuscitation requirements after traumatic brain injury in a swine model of prolonged damage-control resuscitation

Abstract

BACKGROUND Hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are the leading causes of death in trauma. Future military conflicts are likely to be in austere environments, where prolonged damage-control resuscitation (p-DCR) may be required for 72 hours before evacuation. Previous studies showed that early administration of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) during p-DCR can significantly decrease the volume of resuscitation required in models of hemorrhagic shock and also provide neuroprotection after TBI. In the current study, we hypothesized that the addition of FFP to p-DCR would decrease the resuscitation requirements and improve neurological outcomes in a large animal model of combined hemorrhagic shock and TBI. METHODS Yorkshire swine (40–45 kg; n = 10) were subjected to TBI (controlled cortical impact) and 40% blood volume hemorrhage. After 2 hours of shock, they were randomized to either: (1) p-DCR–normal saline or (2) p-DCR–FFP (250 mL). Prolonged damage-control resuscitation targeted a systolic blood pressure of 90% of baseline, in line with Tactical Combat Casualty Care principles. At 72 hours, animals were transfused 1 U of packed red blood cells, simulating evacuation to higher echelons of care. Brain lesion size, physiologic parameters, resuscitation fluid requirements, and neurological severity score were used to compare the clinical outcomes. RESULTS The p-DCR–FFP group required significantly less total volume (4,540.0 ± 151.7 mL vs. 974.0 ± 167.0 mL, p < 0.01) of resuscitation to maintain the target systolic blood pressure. Fresh frozen plasma–treated animals had significantly reduced brain lesion size (4,517.0 ± 180.0 mm3 vs. 2,477.0 ± 1,191.0 mm3, p < 0.01) and showed significantly decreased functional neurologic impairment. CONCLUSION In this exploratory study, treatment with FFP decreased resuscitation requirements, reduced brain lesion size, and improved neurological outcomes when added to prolonged DCR in a porcine model of combined hemorrhagic shock and TBI.