Abstract
Proton pumping in animal cell plasma membranes is mediated by at least three distinct types of transport systems and has a variety of functions. The gastric proton pump develops chemical gradients exceeding 6 pH units, secreting acid from the gastric mucosa to help digest food. Another ATPase/H+ pump, which regulates whole-body acid and bicarbonate excretion in kidney distal tubules, can develop acid gradients of 3 pH units. And ATP-independent Na+/H+ exchange systems and multiple-ion exchangers operate both to control intracellular pH and to maintain whole-body proton-bicarbonate balance.
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