Abstract
The development of antibacterial materials has great importance in avoiding bacterial contamination and the risk of infection for implantable biomaterials. An antibacterial thin film coating on the surface via chemical bonding is a promising technique to keep native bulk material properties unchanged. However, most of the polymeric materials are chemically inert and highly hydrophobic, which makes chemical agent coating challenging Herein, immobilization of chlorhexidine, a broad-spectrum bactericidal cationic compound, onto the polylactic acid surface was performed in a multistep physicochemical method. Direct current plasma was used for surface functionalization, followed by carbodiimide chemistry to link the coupling reagents of N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHs) to create a free bonding site to anchor the chlorhexidine. Surface characterizations were performed by water contact angle test, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The antibacterial activity was tested using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Finally, in vitro cytocompatibility of the samples was studied using primary mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. It was found that all samples were cytocompatible and the best antibacterial performance observed was the Chlorhexidine immobilized sample after NHs activation.
Highlights
Biodegradable polymers, produced from renewable sources, are alternatives to conventional synthetic polymers with their competitive mechanical properties, biocompatibility, processability, thermal stability, low-cost and environmentally-friendly properties [1–3]
Appropriate surface condition for further chemical immobilization was obtained after plasma treatment by increasing the hydrophilicity and incorporating the oxidative functional groups
CHx immobilized samples of PLA_DC_EDAC_CHx and PLA_DC_NHs_CHx showed the same hydrophilic nature with 60.5◦ ± 3.7 and 60.3◦ ± 2.8 contact angle values respectively, as expected, the same molecule was immobilized onto the mediators, which had a higher hydrophilic nature than that of EDAC and NHs
Summary
Biodegradable polymers, produced from renewable sources, are alternatives to conventional synthetic polymers with their competitive mechanical properties, biocompatibility, processability, thermal stability, low-cost and environmentally-friendly properties [1–3]. Like every other biomaterial used in living tissue as an implant, PLA surface is open to endogenous or exogenous bacterial contamination. Since only the biomaterial’s surface is in contact with the living tissue and environment during the implantation, creating an antibacterial surface to prevent bacterial adhesion is a valid and convenient approach, instead of blending the bulk material with antibacterial agents. In this way, antibacterial drug loading can be lowered to avoid the patient from the side effects of antibiotics as well as reduce the material cost and its release to the human body is controlled by covalent immobilization. CChheemmiiccaall ssttrruuccttuurreess ooff NN--((33--DDiimmeetthhyyllaammiinnoopprrooppyyll))--NN′’--eetthhyyllccaarrbbooddiiiimmiiddee hhyyddrroocchhlloorriiddee ((EEDDAACC)),, NN--HHyyddrrooxxyyssuucccciinniimmiiddee ((NNHHss)) aanndd CChhlloorrhheexxiiddiinnee ddiihhyyddrroocchhlloorriiddee ((CCHHxx))
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