Abstract
Background: The precise pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is unknown, and chronic inflammation has been implicated in PMS. However, inflammatory markers, including cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), have not been investigated before and after menstruation in relation to PMS among the same participants. This study investigated whether the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and CRP are related to PMS.Methods: The study included 21 healthy Japanese women (aged 19–24 years) with a regular menstrual cycle. Inflammatory marker levels in plasma were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the level of depressiveness was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale.Results: Of the 21 women, 7 were considered to have moderate-to-severe PMS (PMS [+] group) and 14 were considered to have no or mild PMS (PMS [−]), and none of the participants had premenstrual dysphoric disorder. The IL-10 levels were significantly lower before than after menstruation in the PMS (−) group. The IL-10 levels before menstruation were significantly higher in the PMS (+) group than in the PMS (−) group. Other markers did not show relevant differences between the groups. The CES-D scores were higher in the PMS (+) group than in the PMS (−) group both before and after menstruation. There were positive correlations between the CES-D scores and IL-6 levels before menstruation and the CES-D scores and IL-10 levels after menstruation.Conclusions: The IL-10 levels before menstruation were higher in women with PMS than in those without PMS, and these levels might be related to PMS.
Highlights
Population-based studies have suggested that 30%–40% of reproductive-age women meet the clinical criteria for premenstrual syndrome (PMS).[1,2] According to ICD-10, PMS is characterized by symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, breast tenderness, and sleep disturbance, which occur 1–2 weeks before menstruation and disappear after the start of menstruation.[3]
This study aimed to investigate whether the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, IL-6, IL-10, and C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with premenstrual symptoms
These results suggest that inflammation might have been greater in the PMS (+) group than in the PMS (À) group, and IL-10 production might have been induced in the PMS (+) group to counteract this high inflammation
Summary
Population-based studies have suggested that 30%–40% of reproductive-age women meet the clinical criteria for premenstrual syndrome (PMS).[1,2] According to ICD-10, PMS is characterized by symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, breast tenderness, and sleep disturbance, which occur 1–2 weeks before menstruation and disappear after the start of menstruation.[3]. Inflammatory markers, including cytokines and C-reactive protein (CRP), have not been investigated before and after menstruation in relation to PMS among the same participants. This study investigated whether the plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and CRP are related to PMS. The IL-10 levels were significantly lower before than after menstruation in the PMS (À) group. The IL-10 levels before menstruation were significantly higher in the PMS (+) group than in the PMS (À) group. The CES-D scores were higher in the PMS (+) group than in the PMS (À) group both before and after menstruation. Conclusions: The IL-10 levels before menstruation were higher in women with PMS than in those without PMS, and these levels might be related to PMS
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