Abstract
BackgroundAdvanced breast cancer is a common disease among female in the world. There is a correlation between cancer and hyper coagulation. In a cancer state, there is an increase in the level of cross-linked fibrin degradation product (d-dimer)which indicates systemic activation of fibrinolysis and hemostasis. So, there is a relation between increase d-dimer value and advanced breast disease.ObjectiveTo confirm the relation between increase d-dimer levels and advanced breast carcinoma in female patients.Patients and methodsA prospective study (cohort study) done in Baghdad teaching hospital (department of surgery) from Jan 2014 to Jan 2016. Seventy patients were categorized intotwo equal groups, group 1 with breast carcinoma, group 2 with benign breast tumor. Plasma d-dimer levels compared for each group, and in relation to (tumor size, stage, grade, lympho-vascular invasion, and lymph nodes involvement).ResultsD-dimer level was normal in group two (<0.25) mg/l and high in group one in other words, d-dimer level was increasing in advanced breast carcinoma group with enlarge tumor size, high stage, grade, lympho-vascular invasion and lymph nodes involvement.ConclusionsPlasma d-dimer levels was good prognostic factor in breast carcinoma specially in advanced breast carcinoma and its considered factor clinical stage progression lympho-vascular invasion and metastasis.
Highlights
Breast cancer in female is the most common malignant neoplasm and represents a diversified group of tumors, which exhibit different behaviors and altered response to therapy
In group 1 four (11.4%) patients had d-dimer level < 0.25 mg/l, 11 (31.4%) patients had level ranged (0.25–0.50 mg/l), 13 (37.1%) patients had level ranged (0.5–1 mg/l) and 7(20%) patients had level ranged (1–2 mg/l), while in group 2, 34 (97.1%) patients have level d-dimer level
It has been shown in the present study that elevated d-dimer level had an important prognostic role on prognosis of the breast cancer, many studies documented the role of the plasma ddimer who have prognostic value in many types of cancers
Summary
Breast cancer in female is the most common malignant neoplasm and represents a diversified group of tumors, which exhibit different behaviors and altered response to therapy. There is correlation between cancer and hypercoagulation, global hemostasis is more frequently activated in patients with cancer This systemic activation has been included in (angiogenesis, progression, metastatic spread) of tumor cells. There is an increase in the level of cross-linked fibrin degradation product (d-dimer)which indicates systemic activation of fibrinolysis and hemostasis. Objective: To confirm the relation between increase d-dimer levels and advanced breast carcinoma in female patients. Plasma d-dimer levels compared for each group, and in relation to (tumor size, stage, grade, lympho-vascular invasion, and lymph nodes involvement). Results: D-dimer level was normal in group two (< 0.25) mg/l and high in group one in other words, d-dimer level was increasing in advanced breast carcinoma group with enlarge tumor size, high stage, grade, lymphovascular invasion and lymph nodes involvement. Conclusions: Plasma d-dimer levels was good prognostic factor in breast carcinoma specially in advanced breast carcinoma and its considered factor clinical stage progression lympho-vascular invasion and metastasis
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