Abstract
Ceramides are a family of lipid molecules, composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid, and transported by lipoproteins (primarily by low-density lipoproteins) in the bloodstream. They are not only structural lipids, but multifunctional and bioactive molecules with key roles in many important cellular pathways, such as inflammatory processes and apoptosis, representing potential biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases as well as pharmacological targets. Recent data reported ceramide modulation by diet and aerobic exercise, suggesting nutrients and exercise-targeting sphingolipid pathways as a countermeasure, also in combination with other therapies, for risk and progression of chronic disease prevention and health maintenance. In this review, we focus on the available data regarding remarks on ceramide structure and metabolism, their pathophysiologic roles, and the effect of dietary habit and aerobic exercise on ceramide levels. Moreover, advancements and limitations of lipidomic techniques and simplification attempts to overcome difficulties of interpretation and to facilitate practical applications, such as the proposal of scores, are also discussed.
Highlights
Ceramides are a family of lipid molecules, composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid, and transported by lipoproteins in the bloodstream.They are structural lipids, but act as multifunctional and bioactive molecules in many important cellular pathways [1].For this reason, ceramides have been found to be associated with many pathological states
We focus on the available data regarding remarks on ceramide strucInmetabolism, this review, we on the available data by regarding ceramide structure ture and thefocus modulation of ceramides aerobicremarks exercise,on and pathophysioand metabolism, the modulation of ceramides by aerobic exercise, and pathophysiologic logic significance of this relationship
Salvage pathway: these occur in endo-lysosomes providing that sphingomyelin that are broken down into sphingosine through the action of ceramide synthase are reused to be converted into ceramides
Summary
Ceramides are a family of lipid molecules, composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid, and transported by lipoproteins (primarily by low-density lipoproteins) in the bloodstream. At baseline, T2D-specific ceramide species were associated with poorer memory, attention, and psychomotor processing speed performance [7] These results recognized the complex network between chronic degenerative diseases and demonstrated how these sphingolipid pathways might represent targets of pharmacological (e.g., metformin) or exercise-interventional strategies to protect against or restore cognitive decline in CAD patients with T2D. Results recognized the complex network between chronic degenerative diseases and demonstrated how these sphingolipid pathways might represent targets of pharmacolog of 13 ical (e.g., metformin) or exercise-interventional strategies to protect against or restore cognitive decline in CAD patients with T2D. Techniques of ceramide analysisofare not so results widespread routine labotories and interpretation and practical application ceramide in thein clinical pracratories and interpretation and practical application of ceramide results in the clinical tise could be difficult for many physicians In this context, there are efforts to render these practise could difficultwith for many physicians.
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