Plasma biomarkers across the spectrum of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: Association with cortical thickness and cognitive dysfunction

Abstract

AbstractBackgroundPlasma biomarkers of phosphorylated‐tau(p‐tau), astrocytosis and axonal damage offer a reliable means of identifying and measuring multiple pathological processes in‐vivo. How these biomarkers are associated with cortical brain structure and cognition within, and across, disorders is unclear. Leveraging the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative, we examined the cross‐sectional association between plasma biomarkers, cortical thickness, and multi‐domain cognition.Method290 participants diagnosed with AD or PD (in accordance with clinical guidelines) and healthy controls (HC) were included (MeanAge = 68.96;[41% women; 35% APOE4carriers]). Four groups were formed: i)AD with mild cognitive impairment or dementia(ADMCI/ADD;N = 121), ii)PD with MCI or dementia(PDMCI/PDD;N = 78), iii)PD with normal cognition(PD‐NC;N = 43) and HC(N = 44; Table1). Plasma measures of p‐tau181‐UGOT, Neurofilament light chain (NfL) and GFAP, alongside FreeSurfer‐derived cortical thickness were included. A neuropsychological battery was administered. All models were adjusted for age, sex, and education.ResultThere was an effect of diagnostic group on global cortical thickness, with PD‐NC, ADMCI/ADD and PDMCI/ADD exhibiting a significant reduction relative to HC(Fig1A). Regional patterns of brain atrophy were significantly associated in ADMCI/ADD and PDMCI/ADD(Fig1B). Across groups, p‐tau181, GFAP and to a lesser extent NfL, were associated with cortical thinning, particularly in lateral temporal and medial parietal regions (Fig2A). Unlike global thickness, ADMCI/ADD and PDMCI/PDD, but not PD‐NC, showed reduced thickness in the regions associated with p‐tau181, GFAP and NfL (Fig2B). Diagnostic group*GFAP/NfL/ptau181 interactions were not significant. Mediation analysis showed the cortical thinning in lateral temporal and medial parietal regions mediated between 33% to 40% of association between p‐tau181 and delayed memory. Similarly, thinning in these areas mediated 22% to 33% of the relationship between GFAP and executive function(Fig2C).ConclusionWe conclude that there is a similar pattern of gray matter loss in MCI/Dementia due to AD and PD. Higher concentrations of plasma p‐tau181 and GFAP are associated with poorer memory and executive function, in part through cortical thinning in lateral temporal and medial parietal regions. In conclusion, pathological processes related to the deposition of amyloid and tau, as well as astrogliosis, may co‐exist across cognitively impaired individuals with AD and PD. This is consistent with autopsy findings showing that AD pathology is present in 33‐60% of PD patients.