Plaque vulnerability and related coronary event prediction by intravascular ultrasound with virtual histology: “It's a long way to tipperary”?

Abstract

Identification of so-called "vulnerable plaque" or "high-risk" plaques have spawned manifold attempts to develop diagnostic tools capable to afford this task. This task is particularly challenging but the reward is high: local intervention on identified "vulnerable plaque" could preclude plaque thrombosis and possibly prevent acute coronary syndromes. Various imaging techniques are currently under investigation by extensive clinical testing to identify which could become the most sensible and specific modality for vulnerable plaque detection. Noninvasive techniques are fascinating for their easily applicability to a broad population but nowadays are not sufficiently powered for this task. The emerging technologies with the greatest resolution are indeed catheter-based and many intravascular modalities have been developed for identification of "vulnerable plaque". Among these, IVUS-Virtual Histology (IVUS-VH) is the most promising technique in the field. IVUS-VH offers an in vivo opportunity to assess plaque morphology and histology. IVUS-VH uses underlying frequency information along with echoes intensity, while grey-scale IVUS data are obtained from echoes of different intensity or amplitude. The major advantage of IVUS-VH is that it is based on a device that is practical for use in the clinical setting and that it generates a real-time assessment of plaque morphology. Unfortunately, numerous challenging issues still need to be overcome until the numerous "vulnerable plaques" could be identified and successfully treated. Future efforts may identify plaques that are on a trajectory of evolution toward a vulnerable state, and help us target interventions to those plaques most likely to develop plaque disruption and related complications.