Plants Signaling Pathways against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Challenging Environment

Abstract

Sessile plants confront the fluctuating harsh environmental conditions and react to alterations in biotic and abiotic components of environments by symbiotic association between plant and biosphere. The origins of stresses are the vicinal environment, which is composed of biotic and abiotic agents. A wide range of molecular mechanisms are opted by the plants for their self-defense. The plant faces harsh conditions due to its molecular battery. Signaling molecules engineer the plants to tolerate the stresses. Transposable elements become active due to living and nonliving agents. Physical and chemical agents cause induction in mutation. These changes are the first driving step in the evolution of plants. During evolution, environmental changes force the plants to adapt or succumb to stress. The plants respond to the ecological conditions by modulating the gene programmer.