Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are an ancient form of tissue-derived danger or alarm signals that initiate cellular signaling cascades, which often initiate defined defense responses. A DAMP can be any molecule that is usually not exposed to cells such as cell wall components, peptides, nucleic acid fragments, eATP and other compounds. DAMPs might be revealed upon tissue damage or during attack. Typically, DAMPs are derived from the injured organism. Almost all eukaryotes can generate and respond to DAMPs, including plants. Besides the molecules mentioned, certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be considered as DAMPs. Due to their chemical nature, VOCs are supposed to act not only locally and systemically in the same plant but also between plants. Here, we focus on damage-induced volatiles (DIVs) that might be regarded as DAMPs; we will review their origin, chemical nature, physiochemical properties, biological relevance and putative function in plant–plant communications. Moreover, we discuss the possibility to use such airborne DAMPs as eco-friendly compounds to stimulate natural defenses in agriculture in order to avoid pesticides.
Highlights
As other eukaryotic organisms, plants are able to perceive typical, endogenous cell molecules or fragments thereof, when these are released at increased concentrations into the extracellular space
New concepts exploring the potential of Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as plant protective compounds found especially eDNA (Ferrusquía-Jiménez et al, 2020) to be a new candidate for application in the field
In addition to such treatments directly spraying compounds produced by wounded plant tissues on unwounded crops, we would like to focus onto damage-induced volatile compounds (DIVs)
Summary
Plants are able to perceive typical, endogenous cell molecules or fragments thereof, when these are released at increased concentrations into the extracellular space This occurs during cellular stress or mechanical damage upon herbivore and pathogen attack. The whole dynamic immunity response is induced by the recognition of specific insect-derived [herbivore-associated molecular patters (HAMPs) (Mithöfer and Boland, 2008)] or pathogenderived [pathogen-associated molecular patters (PAMPs) (Ausubel, 2005)] signals, and signals from the injured plant cells. These latter signaling molecules function as danger signals, stress signals, (endogenous) elicitors, alarmins, or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here we avoid providing another collection of DAMPs and refer to recent reviews
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