Abstract
Symbiosis is a biological phenomenon involving dynamic changes in the genome, metabolism and signaling network, and a multidirectional comprehension of these interactions is required when studying symbiotic organisms. In plant–microbe interactions, two symbiotic systems have been actively studied for many years. One is arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and the other is root nodule (RN) symbiosis. AM symbiosis is probably the most widespread interaction between plants and microbes, in the context of phylogeny and ecology ( Kistner and Parniske 2002 , Bonfante and Genre 2010 ). More than 80 % of all land plant families are thought to have a symbiotic relationship with AM fungi that belong to the Glomeromycota. The origin of AM symbiosis is thought to be in the early Devonian period, approximately 400 million years ago. Thus, AM symbiosis is also called the mother of plant root endosymbioses ( Parniske 2008 ). On the other hand, RN symbiosis involves morphogenesis and is formed by communication between plants and nitrogen-fi xing bacteria.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
