Abstract
Pliable and conductive hydrogels have been widely studied in soft robots, electronic skin, and artificial sensors. However, their poor water-retention capability and inferior low temperature tolerance make the practical application unrealistic. Inspired by the freezing tolerant plants, a zwitterionic osmolyte (proline) is introduced to the Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Polyacrylamide/Ca-alginate (PACL) hydrogel system through simple solvent displacement strategy. The resulting hydrogel shows excellent stretchability (up to 1226 %), high conductivity (11.96 S/m) and long-term stability. It can successfully remain flexibility and conductivity even at ultra-low temperature (-40 °C). The hydrogel-based wearable sensors demonstrate rapid and accurate response to both large-scale movements and subtle motions. Moreover, it can transmit signals as network cables under subzero temperature.
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