Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the greatest medical achievements in the battle against infectious diseases. However, the intractability of various diseases such as hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, and cancer poses persistent hurdles given that traditional vaccine-development methods have proven to be ineffective; as such, these challenges have driven the emergence of novel vaccine design approaches. In this regard, much effort has been put into the development of new safe adjuvants and vaccine platforms. Of particular interest, the utilization of plant virus-like nanoparticles and recombinant plant viruses has gained increasing significance as an effective tool in the development of novel vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. The present review summarizes recent advances in the use of plant viruses as nanoparticle-based vaccines and adjuvants and their mechanism of action. Harnessing plant-virus immunogenic properties will enable the design of novel, safe, and efficacious prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against disease.
Highlights
Vaccines have allowed great achievements such as a significant reduction in incidence, mortality, and morbidity related to infectious diseases, the field of vaccinology has faced several challenges in recent years
We have identified one such mechanism in the PapMV system as being the recognition of nucleic acid found within Recombinant Plant Virus Particles (rPVPs) that induces antigen-presenting cells (APC) activation
There is still much research to be done before rPVPs are used as vaccines in humans, great achievements have been made in recent years in this field
Summary
Vaccines have allowed great achievements such as a significant reduction in incidence, mortality, and morbidity related to infectious diseases, the field of vaccinology has faced several challenges in recent years. Development of new vaccines has proven difficult especially against chronic infections or cancer To overcome these obstacles, large research efforts are being devoted to better understand the key elements required to generate protective immunity. It is generally accepted that the best way to generate vaccines capable of generating a broad immune response with high levels of antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes is to mimic a pathogenic infection while remaining as safe as possible. In this regard, virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) have been increasingly studied in recent years with the aim of developing new effective vaccines
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