Plant Virus Interaction: Layers of Plant Antiviral Immunity

Abstract

Plant defense mechanisms are divided into two phases; (1) the Pathogen-Triggered Immunity (PTI), which is basal resistance and; (2) Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI) or induced resistance, the second line of defense of plants [1,2]. The PTI response is rapidly active by plants after recognizing pathogens effectors, which could be MAMPS or PAMPs (Microbe/pathogen-associated molecular patterns, e.g., bacterial flagellin), DAMPs (Damage-associated molecular patterns, e.g., fungal haustorium), and VAMPs (Viral-associated molecular patterns, e.g., double-stranded RNA of viruses). The recognition of pathogens effectors is performed by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) [3-6].