Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
Highlights
Plants produce various types of secondary metabolites, many of which have been subsequently exploited by humans for their beneficial roles in a diverse array of
Recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly
The synthesis of monoterpenes is initiated by dephosphorylation and ionization of geranyl diphosphate to geranyl carbocation (Huang et al 2010) and the synthesis of sesquiterpene starts with the ionization of farnesyl diphosphate to farnesyl cation, which can be isomerized to nerolidyl cation (Degenhardt et al 2009)
Summary
Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
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