Plant size preference of Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a root-feeding biological control agent of spotted knapweed

Abstract

Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an oligophagous herbivore that was introduced to North America as a biological control agent of spotted knapweed, Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. micranthos (Gugler) Hayek (often called Centaurea maculosa Lam.). Spotted knapweed is a perennial plant that usually increases in size each year. A previous field study reported that more larvae were found on larger plants and that infested plants tended to be larger than uninfested ones. Precisely quantifying the size-specific attack rate can help us model the impact of this agent on the weed population and better understand the interspecific interactions to improve the effectiveness of biological control. Field data were analyzed to determine the relative preference of attack for each size class of the host plant. Plants were classified based on root diameter at 2 cm below the root crown. Although small plants (<3 mm root diameter) were more abundant in the field population, the highest infestation rates occurred in large plants. Chesson’s electivity index was generally positive for root diameters >3.5 mm, indicating preferential attack of large plants. Because of its host-size preference, A. zoegana is expected to primarily affect large plants, which is contrary to previous expectations. Quantifying the insect’s direct impact is a difficult challenge, which may require several field seasons of measuring accumulated damage on individual plants. In order to complement the biological control agents already established, foreign exploration should focus on finding an agent that attacks young knapweed plants. These results also indicate that the efficiency of sampling roots in the field to detect the presence of A. zoegana can be improved by choosing only the largest plants.