Plant secondary succession and soil degradation in humid red beds areas, South China

Abstract

In South China, large amounts of strongly eroded badlands that are difficult for natural recovery formed in red beds soft rock, posing serious environmental hazards. This process is thought to be related to a unique nutrient cycle and plant-soil feedback in alkaline soil. In this study, we investigated 44 plant communities and some soil samples to explore the reasons for this erosion from the perspective of secondary succession and its driving factors. The results showed that the natural secondary succession (NSS) in red beds soft rock is the sequence of primary forest to scrub grass, xerophytes, and badlands. Masson pine and Masson pine/Schima superba communities have formed under the efforts of artificial intervention restoration. The community ecological gradient (CEG) and deciduosity rate substantially increased along the NSS, whereas the biomass, and diversity index rapidly decreased. The plantation community showed the opposite trend with increasing recovery years. Limitations in terms of soil water content, pH value, and available nitrogen (AN) for the community markedly increased, and we confirmed these were the largest contributors to redundancy analysis at the community scale. Compared with acidic soil, alkaline soil with a rough texture and high pH could not maintain enough water for plants during dry seasons, which inhibited the absorption of AN by plants. Therefore, in primary forests, the CEG and deciduosity rates need to be increased so that the plant community can adapt to harsh environments. plantation forests achieved soil acidification through litter accumulation. In the scrub grass and xerophyte, continuous reduction in litter and the intensification of soil erosion destroyed the balance between red argillaceous rock bed erosion and species invasion, leading to community degradation. Therefore, much attention should be given to primary forest protection and limiting factors mitigation in degraded communities.