Abstract
Salt stress is one of the harmful abiotic stress factors. It makes agricultural lands especially in arid and semi-arid regions useless despite the efforts. More than six percent of total world agricultural lands are on the edge of vanishing due to salt stress. Salinity in soil occurs as a result of the factors such as lack of drainage, improper irrigation, excessive accumulation of soluble salts. Salinity limits the growth of plants. Despite the main results, some results of plants due to these limitations vary from species to species. The negative effects get morphological, biochemical and physiological reactions from plants. Slowed or stopped growth of roots and shoots, closuring of stomata, germination slowing, decreased or stopped development of seedling, deterioration of photosynthetic activity are the main reactions of plants to stress. On the other hand, plants also develop tolerance mechanisms as a result of some auxiliaries for surviving under adverse conditions. Plants have tendency to protect themselves from salinity with osmotic protectants synthesized by them such as sugars, proline, amino acids, glycine betaine. In this review, the responses of plants to salt stress were investigated and gathered.
Highlights
IntroductionThe most important factor in the survival of humanity is food. A person, who cannot access to enough food for survive, cannot continue its development and eventually lose its life
For meeting the food needs of growing population, agricultural production has to be increased by 87% by 2050 [1]
Stress can be biotic stress caused by living factors such as microorganisms, wild plants, pathogens or can be abiotic stress caused by non-living factors such as temperature, mineral toxicity, various gasses [2]
Summary
The most important factor in the survival of humanity is food. A person, who cannot access to enough food for survive, cannot continue its development and eventually lose its life. Stress can be biotic stress caused by living factors such as microorganisms, wild plants, pathogens or can be abiotic stress caused by non-living factors such as temperature, mineral toxicity, various gasses [2] For surviving against these negative factors, plants develop some response mechanisms. Soil salinity is one of the biggest problems that are considered among abiotic stress factors and decrease the usability of our agricultural lands today. Soil salinity is considered as one of the most important problems of agriculture throughout history [3] It limits agricultural production by especially harming the crop yields [4]. The effect of salt on cell growth and expansion, plant membrane irregularity, ion toxicity, changing metabolic process, the mechanism of germination, photosynthetic activity, shoot and root lengths, leaf development is incontroversible [8, 9]. For coping with harmful effects of salinity, plants create a lot of different morphological, physiological and biochemical adaptations [12]
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