Abstract
Temperature above optimal for the specie will reduce photosynthesis and increase dark respiration and photorespiration in part due to increased solubility of O2 compared to CO2 but also due to the decrease in CO2 mesophyll conductance to the chloroplast. In addition, night temperature has a great impact on carbohydrates balance because high night temperature reduces the efficiency of the generation of ATP from respiration consuming more sugars to maintain growth. Another effect on species that have their cycle sensitive to temperature, inducing the reproductive phase soon or later depending on air temperature. The majority of plants adapted to high temperatures above their optimum synthesize small HSPs, which will maintain the integrity and reactivity of bigger enzymes and membranes. Therefore, plant adaptation to high temperatures is a multigenic characteristic depending on biochemical, physiological, and morphological traits.
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