Abstract
External and internal stimuli trigger the response of signals in the cell which amplified and communicated by various complex signal transduction networks are mostly initiated with the activation of different receptor proteins. These signaling networks perform as protective strategy to allow cells to cope with external stresses that usually restrain the plant growth and development. Protein kinases are among the most common cellular regulatory components of signal transduction in plants. Protein phosphorylation plays prominent role in various biochemical pathways in plants as a result of active implication in the regulation of cell growth and development. Therefore, protein kinase becomes the most common target used to improve plant growth and development. Gravity force, touch, light, gradients in temperature, humidity, ions, chemicals and oxygen are among the environmental elements influencing the physiological and biological aspects of plants. Hence, many different plant species adopt and response to different environmental stresses where they develop physiological strategies to generate their optimum growth. Beside the involvement in the signal transduction pathways, protein kinases also encourage the proteinprotein interaction events within the cells. Therefore, protein phosphorylation plays pivotal roles in activating the protein kinases and transcription factors in various signal transduction pathways. A process whereby a cell communicates and responses to the stimuli from external environment to alter its growth, development, physiology and morphology is known as signal transduction. This signal transduction process involves a serial of biochemical phenomenon that are performed and conducted by many types of enzymes within the cells. Most of the signals are perceived and recognized at the cell surface. The integration and interaction of various signaling information and activities are important, for example, addition of a phosphate to a protein kinase to target the protein substrate. Hence, modification of protein forms protein-protein interaction useful for signal transduction in plant growth and development.
Highlights
Protein kinases are among the most common cellular regulatory components of signal transduction
Of the 25,706 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, 1,049 proteins belonged to the protein kinases superfamily, sum up to around 4% of the plant’s genome [Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000]
On the other hand, Manning et al, [39] stated that 454 genes of 18,266 of total genes are grouped under protein kinase from Caenorhabditis elegans. 1,049 protein kinase genes of 25,706 total genes are found in Arabidopsis thaliana according to the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000
Summary
Protein kinases are among the most common cellular regulatory components of signal transduction. Stress transport orientation triggers the corresponding physiological and biochemical signals which are translated into a complex growth response allowing them to straighten up and resume growth. These signals promote cells differentiation that is responsible for growth and development. Different plant species adopt and response to different molecular cytological activities and they utilize physiological strategies through complex signal networks of protein interactions involving protein kinases to generate their optimum growth [1]. Metabolism, contractility, membrane transportation and secretion transcription and translation of genes, cell division and fertilization are orchestrated by the versatile posttranslational modification mechanisms of protein phosphorylation to control various cellular regulatory processes by activating or inhibiting the function of a given protein. The changes of proteins by addition and removal of a phosphoryl group from a protein generate protein-protein interactions, regulate protein stability and modulate enzyme activity [4]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callMore From: Journal of Biodiversity, Bioprospecting and Development
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
