Abstract
Vegetation is always an expression of the climate and as climate changed great masses of vegetation developed, advanced, retreated or in many instances perished leaving only the carbonized remains deep in the strata in parts of the globe where today cheerless winds blow monotonously over bleak ice and snowfields thousands of feet in depth. By these fragments of former vegetation we today piece together not only part of the story of the advance, conquest and fall of mighty vegetations, but also the story of the climate which made that plant life possible. The uniformity of the pre-Pleistocene vegetation from pole to pole (Huntington and Visher, 1922) speaks of a monotonously uniform climate all over the world. In the more recent Pleistocene vegetation the conquest was between species which still today are in battle array, advancing and retreating with climatic fluctuations. While pre-Pleistocene time is marked by uniformity, post-Pleistocene climate is outstanding by its diversity and complexity.
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