Plant-inspired modification strategy for the large-scale, versatile preparation of cellulose-based products with highly effective and durable UV-protective, antimicrobial, and antiviral performance

Abstract

Cellulose is a versatile and renewable material used in clinical settings for dressings, masks, and bedding. However, adding functions like UV-shielding, antiviral, and antibacterial properties can be challenging due to its poor adhesion and reduced effectiveness over time. Inspired by the natural structure of plant cell walls, we propose a scalable and versatile strategy by introducing curcumin and lysine to the cellulose surface via the Mannich reaction to achieve a durable antimicrobial and UV-protective cellulose surface. The ensuring chemical configuration was characterized through Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Additionally, X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed that the modification occurred exclusively at the cellulose surface. We found curcumin-modified sulfated nanocellulose nanofibrils (CL-SCNF) entirely block ultraviolet rays at wavelengths of 200–400 nm (UVA, UVB, and UVC) while providing 82.1 % transparency in the visible spectrum. The resultant silver bonding cellulose products exhibit high antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal performance against bacterial phage-X174, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Furthermore, the strong coordination bonding of silver ions with the β-diketone system endows the final textiles with good washing stability, which can maintain 99 % of antimicrobial activity after repeated washing. This eco-friendly and highly scalable method for fabricating antimicrobial cellulose surfaces will be attractive to manufacturers of protective equipment and textiles, as it offers great potential for applications in a wide range of fields.