Plant Growth Regulating Phytohormones: The Potent Targets to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Crop Plants —A Research Update and the Way Forward

Abstract

The latest modifying models of global climate have changed to be an unadorned threat to the crops production. An extensive scale of biotic and abiotic stresses frequently impacts crop plants because of their stalkless characteristics. Crop plants failures are principally triggered by abiotic factors such as salt, heat, cold, floods, ultraviolet radiation and drought. For dealing with these harsh conditions, well-established mechanisms have been developed in plants, which perform a pivotal role in comprehending stress signals and assisting ideal development responses. Remarkably, the exploitation of plant growth regulating phytohormones for decreasing the adverse effect of abiotic stress has acquired much attention in current decades. For evasion of stress at various levels, including physiological, molecular, and biochemical, an erudite method is informed to be presented by phytohormones. Thus, labeling these phytohormones plays an important function in plant growth and overall development. Phytohormones can progresses tolerance against abiotic stresses by raising seed germination, seedling growth, root growth, leaf photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes by dropping the accretion of reactive oxygen species, malonaldehyde, and electrolyte outflow. Current findings focus on the important function of a diversity of phytohormones counting, Abscisic acid (ABA), Salicylic acid (SA), Jasmonates (JA) and Ethylene (ET) in the abiotic stress tolerance improvement of crop plants. The contribution of Cytokinins (CKs), and some other novel phytohormones such as Brassinosteroids and Strigolactones in plant development has been acknowledged under normal and stress conditions. Therefore, this review is desired to recap the new progresses in the knowledge associated to phytohormones and their association in abiotic stresses of expectation, signaling, crosstalk, and the response processes. Therefore, such a review will be helpful in improving the pathway for sustainable agriculture development via involvement of phytohormones in improvement of abiotic stress tolerance of the crop plants.