Abstract
Modern agriculture faces challenges, such as loss of soil fertility, fluctuating climatic factors and increasing pathogen and pest attacks. Sustainability and environmental safety of agricultural production relies on eco-friendly approaches like biofertilizers, biopesticides and crop residue return. The multiplicity of beneficial effects of microbial inoculants, particularly plant growth promoters (PGP), emphasizes the need for further strengthening the research and their use in modern agriculture. PGP inhabit the rhizosphere for nutrients from plant root exudates. By reaction, they help in (1) increased plant growth through soil nutrient enrichment by nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore production and phytohormones production (2) increased plant protection by influencing cellulase, protease, lipase and β-1,3 glucanase productions and enhance plant defense by triggering induced systemic resistance through lipopolysaccharides, flagella, homoserine lactones, acetoin and butanediol against pests and pathogens. In addition, the PGP microbes contain useful variation for tolerating abiotic stresses like extremes of temperature, pH, salinity and drought; heavy metal and pesticide pollution. Seeking such tolerant PGP microbes is expected to offer enhanced plant growth and yield even under a combination of stresses. This review summarizes the PGP related research and its benefits, and highlights the benefits of PGP rhizobia belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae.
Highlights
Imbalance in nitrogen (N) cycling, nutritional status, physical and biological properties of soil, incidence of pests and diseases, fluctuating climatic factors and abiotic stresses are the interlinked contributing factors for reduced agricultural productivity
This review summarizes the plant growth promoters (PGP) related research and its benefits, and highlights the benefits of PGP rhizobia belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae, Phyllobacteriaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae
This study reported that the concentration of intracellular Cd varies within the groups, where highly tolerant strains have higher quantity
Summary
Imbalance in nitrogen (N) cycling, nutritional status, physical and biological properties of soil, incidence of pests and diseases, fluctuating climatic factors and abiotic stresses are the interlinked contributing factors for reduced agricultural productivity. On inoculation of rhizobia producing ACC deaminase, the plant ethylene levels are lowered and result in longer roots providing relief from stresses, such as heavy metals, pathogens, drought, radiation, salinity, etc IAA producing bacteria are reported to produce high levels of ACC and known to inhibit ethylene levels (Glick 2014) Inoculation with these bacteria had shown to promote root elongation, shoot growth, enhanced rhizobial nodulation and minerals uptake (Glick 2012). Various rhizobial species are reported to induce systemic resistance in plants by producing bio-stimulatory agents including R. etli, R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli and
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