Abstract
Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) are excellent biocontrol agents and stimulators of plant growth, nutrition, and production. Therefore, these plant-associated bacteria are considered an excellent alternative to reduce or eliminate the use of toxic agrochemicals. In this work, we review the current state of the beneficial mechanisms (direct and indirect), including the production of antibiotic compounds and enzymes, facilitation of resource acquisition, or production of stimulating phytohormones/metabolites. Some aspects of the formulation technology and bioinoculant efficiency of diverse PGPBs (e.g., rhizobacteria, phyllobacteria and endophytic bacteria) in the field are also discussed. However, the commercialization and application of these biological agents in agriculture occur mainly in developed countries, limiting their success in developing regions. The possible causes of the delay in the application of bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture and the plausible solutions are also discussed in this study. Finally, the use of PGPBs is currently a priority for sustainable production in agriculture.
Highlights
In the mid-20th century, an almost exponential growth in human population occurred in various countries worldwide
This work tries to explain the different mechanisms used by plant-associated bacteria, with special emphasis on bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and the plant endosphere, as well as the different challenges to be applied in the field through efficient formulation that ensure the survival and action of their bacterial agents
The siderophores produced by bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas have the ability to chelate the Fe available from the medium, restricting it to pathogens. This mechanism was one of the first described in plant growth-promoting bacteria and has been reported in various studies [36]
Summary
In the mid-20th century, an almost exponential growth in human population occurred in various countries worldwide This increasing number of individuals caused an unprecedented demand for food and required an agricultural production that had not been seen before. New alternatives that would result in an increase in agricultural production via eco-friendly, sustainable, and nontoxic strategies have been sought [4,5] Various strategies, such as the production of genetically modified organisms (mainly plants), the generation of crosses that are naturally resistant to pests, and the use of natural compounds and plant-beneficial microorganisms have been proposed [6]. This work tries to explain the different mechanisms used by plant-associated bacteria, with special emphasis on bacteria inhabiting the rhizosphere (rhizobacteria), phyllosphere (phyllobacteria) and the plant endosphere (endophytic bacteria), as well as the different challenges to be applied in the field through efficient formulation that ensure the survival and action of their bacterial agents
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