Abstract
The inhibitory activities of the leachates and volatiles from 53 plant species (spices and herbs) were evaluated against lettuce (Lactuca sativa “Great Lakes 366”) seedling growth using the sandwich and dish pack methods, respectively. With the sandwich method, parsley (Petroselinum sativum) showed the strongest inhibitory effect on lettuce radicle growth (77%), followed by tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) (72%). However, caraway (Carum carvi), dill (Anethum graveolens) (seed), laurel (Laurus nobilis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and sage (Salvia officinalis) were the most inhibitory species (100% inhibition of lettuce radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all distance wells) in the dish pack method. Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) also showed strong inhibitory activity (100% for radicle and hypocotyl growth inhibition at all 41 and 58 mm distance wells). The headspace sampling and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified the main inhibitory active compounds as carvone in caraway and dill (seeds), 1,8-cineole in laurel and cardamom, and borneol in thyme. Both camphor and 1,8-cineole were detected in rosemary and sage, and the total activity evaluation showed that camphor was the major inhibitory compound in rosemary, although both compounds played equal roles in sage.
Highlights
A range of secondary metabolites is synthesized by plants, with the exact composition varying among species
We examined the plant growth inhibitory activities of 53 species of plants against the growth of lettuce seedlings using the sandwich and dish pack methods
The stronger inhibition of the radicle that was observed could be the result of the radicle emerging before the hypocotyl, the nutrients stored in the seed being supplied to the hypocotyl, or differences in the actions of the allelopathic substances [27]
Summary
A range of secondary metabolites is synthesized by plants, with the exact composition varying among species. Application of these compounds as agricultural chemicals has been well investigated, with many of the insecticides and fungicides that are used in recent years originating from natural plants [1]. The inhibitory effects of specific volatiles or essential oils of aromatic plants, including spices and herbs on plant growth have been investigated in both field and laboratory assays [2,3,4,5]. Many plant growth inhibitory substances (allelochemicals) have been identified. Some plants in the Brassicaceae family are used as bio-fumigation materials to reduce the incidence of soil-borne diseases, nematodes, or weeds [6,7,8,9,10]
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