Abstract
Radiation exposure leads to several pathophysiological conditions, including oxidative damage, inflammation and fibrosis, thereby affecting the survival of organisms. This review explores the radiation countermeasure properties of fourteen (14) plant extracts or plant-derived compounds against these cellular manifestations. It was aimed at evaluating the possible role of plants or its constituents in radiation countermeasure strategy. All the 14 plant extracts or compounds derived from it and considered in this review have shown some radioprotection in different in vivo, ex-vivo and or in vitro models of radiological injury. However, few have demonstrated advantages over the others. C. majus possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects appears to be promising in radioprotection. Its crude extracts as well as various alkaloids and flavonoids derived from it, have shown to enhance survival rate in irradiated mice. Similarly, curcumin with its antioxidant and the ability to ameliorate late effect of radiation exposure, combined with improvement in survival in experimental animal following irradiation, makes it another probable candidate against radiological injury. Furthermore, the extracts of P. hexandrum and P. kurroa in combine treatment regime, M. piperita, E. officinalis, A. sinensis, nutmeg, genistein and ginsan warrants further studies on their radioprotective potentials. However, one that has received a lot of attention is the dietary flaxseed. The scavenging ability against radiation-induced free radicals, prevention of radiation-induced lipid peroxidation, reduction in radiation cachexia, level of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis, are some of the remarkable characteristics of flaxseed in animal models of radiation injury. While countering the harmful effects of radiation exposure, it has shown its ability to enhance survival rate in experimental animals. Further, flaxseed has been tested and found to be equally effective when administered before or after irradiation, and against low doses (≤ 5 Gy) to the whole body or high doses (12-13.5 Gy) to the whole thorax. This is particularly relevant since apart from the possibility of using it in pre-conditioning regime in radiotherapy, it could also be used during nuclear plant leakage/accidents and radiological terrorism, which are not pre-determined scenarios. However, considering the infancy of the field of plant-based radioprotectors, all the above-mentioned plant extracts/plant-derived compounds deserves further stringent study in different models of radiation injury.
Highlights
Human beings have been and, will be exposed to different doses of radiation naturally, accidentally or while undergoing therapy
It was further revealed by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis that white blood cell (WBC) influx and lipid peroxidation was significantly (p=0.001) reduced in irradiated FS-fed mice as compared to irradiated mice fed with control diet
AS+radiation treatment group resulted in a significant decrease (p
Summary
Human beings have been and, will be exposed to different doses of radiation naturally, accidentally or while undergoing therapy. Radiation-induced inflammation, an important side effect that contributes to normal tissue injury, has been reported in many species (Linard et al, 2004; Fliedner et al, 2005; Kong et al, 2005; Fleckenstein et al, 2007; Haston et al, 2007; Rodemann and Blaese, 2007; Hill et al, 2011; Multhoff and Radons, 2012; Rastogi et al, 2012; Cho et al, 2013; Fu et al, 2013; Jiang et al, 2013; McCurdy et al, 2013; Moore et al, 2013; Mukherjee et al, 2014). This review attempts to evaluate the roles of fourteen (14) plant extracts or plant-derived compounds in mitigation of radiological effects Radioprotection by these plants has been evaluated by looking at the modulation of different cellular/molecular events, the emphasis has been laid on their antioxidant, anti-inflammation and anti-fibrotic potential, and on survival in animal models. This review evaluates the radioprotective effects based on studies on these cellular aspects carried out to test the radioprotective potential of plant extracts or plantderived compounds in several in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro experimental systems in the last 10-12 years
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