Abstract
Simple SummaryBreast cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women worldwide. Breast cancer may be provoked due to several physical, chemical and environmental factors. Moreover, genetic alternations that are inherited via generations may be a reason for the occurrence of cancer. When the cancer is benign, several therapeutic approaches are available to treat it. In case of malignancy, cancer may spread to other body parts and lead to death. Recent studies focus on the use of indigenous medicinal plants for the treatment of various cancers and particularly breast cancer. This could be an alternative to other treatment methods, as they cause minimal side effects when compared to chemo-drugs. In addition to that, high-throughput omics tools have paved the way for efficient drug targeting, and it would be a promising application for finding the interaction of drug molecules in human systems.Cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases that occur worldwide, among which breast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women. The subtypes are associated with differences in the outcome and were selected for treatments according to the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor. Triple-negative breast cancer, one of the subtypes of breast cancer, is difficult to treat and can even lead to death. If breast cancer is not treated during the initial stages, it may spread to nearby organs, a process called metastasis, through the blood or lymph system. For in vitro studies, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, and T47B are the most commonly used breast cancer cell lines. Clinically, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are usually expensive and can also cause side effects. To overcome these issues, medicinal plants could be the best alternative for chemotherapeutic drugs with fewer side effects and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the genes involved in breast cancer can be regulated and synergized with signaling molecules to suppress the proliferation of breast cancer cells. In addition, nanoparticles encapsulating (nano-encapsulation) medicinal plant extracts showed a significant reduction in the apoptotic and cytotoxic activities of breast cancer cells. This present review mainly speculates an overview of the native medicinal plant derived anti-cancerous compounds with its efficiency, types and pathways involved in breast cancer along with its genes, the mechanism of breast cancer brain metastasis, chemoresistivity and its mechanism, bioinformatics approaches which could be an effective alternative for drug discovery.
Highlights
Since the start of their existence, human beings have explored a variety of plant species for curing illnesses and improving health [1]
Breast cancer can be divided into four types; (1) luminal A, (2) luminal B, (3) basal-like, which is similar to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and (4) human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)
The mechanisms involved in activation of a PI3KAkt are constitutively activated receptor tyrosine kinases (IGF/IGFR, ErbB, FGF/FGFR systems) leading to constitutive activation of PI3K; phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene function, PI3K mutations: aberrant activation of Akt, eIF4E, 4E-BP1, and p70S6K, where these alterations trigger a cascade of biological events, i.e., from cell growth and proliferation to survival and migration, which contribute to tumor progression
Summary
Since the start of their existence, human beings have explored a variety of plant species for curing illnesses and improving health [1]. As a result, they have identified a huge array of bioactive compounds with extensive therapeutic potentials in plants. Plant extracts cause minimal side effects in comparison to chemotherapeutic drugs and nowadays, natural remedies are preferred [10]. Several compounds like ricin present in plants can cause severe toxicity [13]. Bioactive compounds from plant source can be Cancers 2021, 13, 6222 Cancers 2021, 13, 6222 combined with chemotherapeutic drugs to minimize the side effects. Recent bioinformatics studies depicted the regulatory network between trandrsucrgipdtiisocnoavlefrayc.toRrescaenndt bimiominufonremgaetnicess swtuhdiciheswdaespuicsteefdultthoeurnedguerlsattaonryd tnheetwimomrkubneetwreegeunlatratonrsycrmipetciohnanalisfmacstobreshainnddbirmeamstucnaengceern.eSsywsthemichs pwhaasrmusaecfoullogtoy uannddecrhsetamnidnftohremiamtimcsupnleay reagumlaatjoorryromleecinhadnriusgmtsarbgeehtiinndg,bfirneadsitncgaanlcleors.teSryisctbeminsdipnhgasrmiteascuolnodgeyrsatnadtincgh,edmriungfoerfmficaatc- y, icsanpdlatyoxaicmitayjo[r16r,o1l7e].in drug targeting, finding allosteric binding sites understating, drug efficacyT,oadnedvteoloxipciatylte[r1n6a,1t7iv].e therapeutics for breast cancer, it is important to have deeper undTeorsdteavnedlionpgaoltner(n1a)titvhee tgheenraepseiuntvicoslvfoedr birneavsatrcioanucsefro, ritmiss iomf pborretaasnttctaonhcaevr eadnedeptheerir unodriegrisntaantidnigncgeollnw(1it)hthaen gimenmesuinnovhoilsvtoedchienmviacrailoculsasfosirfimcastoiofnbroefarsetcceapntcoerrs a(2n)dptahtehiwr oaryisg-of inbarteinagst ccealnl cweri—thAaknt, icmofimliunn,oHheisdtgoechheomg,incaulclcelaarssfiafcictaotri-oκnB o(Nf Fr-eκcBep),toPrIs3K(2, )PIp3aKth-Awkaty, sPIo3fKbrAeakst-tmcaTnOcRer,—anAdkWt, ncot f(i3l)inm, eHcehdangieshmosg,annducgleeanresfaocrtomro-κleBcu(NleFs-tκhBa)t,aPreI3rKes, pPoI3nKsi-bAlekfto, rPbI3rKea-st Ackat-nmceTrObRra, iannmdeWtasnttas(3is), (m4)ecchhaenmisomressiastnidvitgye—nems eocrhamnoislmecualneds dthrautga/rgeenrees,p(5o)nasnibtilceafnocrer braecatsivt ictayncoefrmbreadiincimnaeltapsltaansitss, (a4lo) nchgewmiotrhesiitsstievfifityci—enmcye,ch(6a)niisnmsialincod adprupgro/gaecnhee,s—(5)syansttei-m capnhcaerrmacatciovliotygyoafnmdecdhiecminianlfporlamnatsticasl,oanngdw(7it)hstiattsisetfifciaclieanncayly, s(i6s)oinf bsrieliacsotacpapncroeracinhdeisv—idsuyasl-ly teamndphinarcmomacpoalorigsyonanwditchhoemthienrfcoarnmcaetrisc.s, and (7) statistical analysis of breast cancer individuallHyeanncde,itnhicsormevpiaerwisofoncuwsieths oonthtehrecdainvceerrgse.nt aspects to develop therapeutics for breast canHceernwcei,ththsips erecivaileswigfnoicfiucsaenscoengtihveenditvoeprglaenntt-absapseecdt-smtoeddiecvinealol pcothmepraopuenudtsicasnfdorbbioreinasfot rcamncaetircws. iItthaslpsoecfoiaclussiegsnoifnicaalntecrengaitviveenmtoepthlaondts-baansdedth-emmedoisctinefafilccioenmtpwoauynsdtsoadnedveblioopindfrour-gs mfaotricbsr.eIatsat lcsaoncfoercuwsietsh omninailmtearnl saitdiveeefmfeectths.ods and the most efficient ways to develop drugs for breast cancer with minimal side effects
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