Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins (CWPs) progressively emerged as crucial components of cell walls although present in minor amounts. Cell wall polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose represent more than 90% of primary cell wall mass, whereas hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins are the main components of lignified secondary walls. All these polymers provide mechanical properties to cell walls, participate in cell shape and prevent water loss in aerial organs. However, cell walls need to be modified and customized during plant development and in response to environmental cues, thus contributing to plant adaptation. CWPs play essential roles in all these physiological processes and particularly in the dynamics of cell walls, which requires organization and rearrangements of polysaccharides as well as cell-to-cell communication. In the last 10 years, plant cell wall proteomics has greatly contributed to a wider knowledge of CWPs. This update will deal with (i) a survey of plant cell wall proteomics studies with a focus on Arabidopsis thaliana; (ii) the main protein families identified and the still missing peptides; (iii) the persistent issue of the non-canonical CWPs; (iv) the present challenges to overcome technological bottlenecks; and (v) the perspectives beyond cell wall proteomics to understand CWP functions.
Highlights
Plant primary cell walls are mainly composed of polysaccharide networks such as cellulose microfibrills, hemicelluloses wrapping and interlacing cellulose microfibrills and pectins (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993)
Five specific features of Cell wall proteins (CWPs) need to be emphasized to understand them. (i) CWPs represent only 5–10% of the cell wall mass (Cassab and Varner, 1988). They are embedded in a complex matrix of carbohydrate polymers, aromatic compounds, wax or cutin depending on the type of cell walls. (ii) CWPs may interact with cell wall components by non-covalent linkages (Carpin et al, 2001; Spadoni et al, 2006)
We will provide perspectives in the field of plant cell wall proteomics, going beyond the present data with systems biology approaches and peptidomics to decipher the roles of proteins and peptides in cell walls
Summary
Plant primary cell walls are mainly composed of polysaccharide networks such as cellulose microfibrills, hemicelluloses wrapping and interlacing cellulose microfibrills and pectins (Carpita and Gibeaut, 1993). Cell wall proteins (CWPs) play critical roles in plant cell walls during development and adaptation to environmental cues (Fry, 2004; Passardi et al, 2004) For this reason, extensive studies leading to their identification and characterization have been undertaken. (i) CWPs represent only 5–10% of the cell wall mass (Cassab and Varner, 1988) They are embedded in a complex matrix of carbohydrate polymers, aromatic compounds, wax or cutin depending on the type of cell walls. (ii) CWPs may interact with cell wall components by non-covalent linkages (Carpin et al, 2001; Spadoni et al, 2006) They can be covalently linked, forming insoluble networks, like structural proteins networks of Proline-Rich Proteins (PRPs) or extensins (Brisson et al, 1994; Brady et al, 1996). We will provide perspectives in the field of plant cell wall proteomics, going beyond the present data with systems biology approaches and peptidomics to decipher the roles of proteins and peptides in cell walls
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