Abstract
The cell wall is a complex and integral part of the plant cell. As a structural element it sustains the shape of the cell and mediates contact among internal and external factors. We have been aware of its involvement in both abiotic (like drought or frost) and biotic stresses (like bacteria or fungi) for some time. In contrast to bacterial and fungal pathogens, viruses are not mechanical destructors of host cell walls, but relatively little is known about remodeling of the plant cell wall in response to viral biotic stress. New research results indicate that the cell wall represents a crucial active component during the plant’s response to different viral infections. Apparently, cell wall genes and proteins play key roles during interaction, having a direct influence on the rebuilding of the cell wall architecture. The plant cell wall is involved in both susceptibility as well as resistance reactions. In this review we summarize important progress made in research on plant virus impact on cell wall remodeling. Analyses of essential defensive wall associated proteins in susceptible and resistant responses demonstrate that the components of cell wall metabolism can affect the spread of the virus as well as activate the apoplast- and symplast-based defense mechanisms, thus contributing to the complex network of the plant immune system. Although the cell wall reorganization during the plant-virus interaction remains a challenging task, the use of novel tools and methods to investigate its composition and structure will greatly contribute to our knowledge in the field.
Highlights
Plant viruses are highly diversified and cause enormous alterations and deformations inside a plant host cell (Gergerich and Dolja, 2006)
The results revealed the role of β-1,3 glucanase in controlling plant viruses during local and systemic transport (Beffa and Meins, 1996; Iglesias and Meins, 2000)
Otulak-Kozieł et al (2020) indicated that the StEXT4 gene is often gradually activated and StEXPA3 is repressed during hypersensitive response (HR) against potato virus Y-NTN (PVYNTN)
Summary
Plant viruses are highly diversified and cause enormous alterations and deformations inside a plant host cell (Gergerich and Dolja, 2006). Plant viruses are active only inside the host cell and induce multilevel changes in its internal system during infection. Due to their constant exposure to a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, plants have evolved both constitutive and inducible defense mechanisms (Underwood, 2012). It can be considered that plants do not remain as “static components” during their interaction/contact with a viral pathogen Rather, they induce complex systems of response to the invading virus (Mandadi and Scholthof, 2013). This review presents the current knowledge about the role of plant cell wall in susceptible and resistance responses of plants to viruses and summarizes the potential fields of future research for a better understanding of this aspect of plant-pathogen interactions
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