Abstract
Bionanotechnology is a branch of science that has revolutionized modern science and technology. Nanomaterials, especially noble metals, have attracted researchers due to their size and application in different branches of sciences that benefit humanity. Metal nanoparticles can be synthesized using green methods, which are good for the environment, economically viable, and facilitate synthesis. Due to their size and form, gold nanoparticles have become significant. Plant materials are of particular interest in the synthesis and manufacture of theranostic gold nanoparticles (NPs), which have been generated using various materials. On the other hand, chemically produced nanoparticles have several drawbacks in terms of cost, toxicity, and effectiveness. A plant-mediated integration of metallic nanoparticles has been developed in the field of nanotechnology to overcome the drawbacks of traditional synthesis, such as physical and synthetic strategies. Nanomaterials′ tunable features make them sophisticated tools in the biomedical platform, especially for developing new diagnostics and therapeutics for malignancy, neurodegenerative, and other chronic disorders. Therefore, this review outlines the theranostic approach, the different plant materials utilized in theranostic applications, and future directions based on current breakthroughs in these fields.
Highlights
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their unique qualities and various surface characteristics, have been widely exploited in bionanotechnology
This review found that several studies have reported in detail a variety of plants and plant parts used in metal nanoparticle generation: the bark of Mimusops elengi was used to synthesize Au nanoparticles; bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized using Azadictira Indica leaf extract; Au nanoparticles were synthesized from natural rubber; and Aelovera plant extract and lemongrass extract have applications on infrared-absorbing coating [68–73]
Similar reports of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis (FTIR) peaks for phenols and flavonoids from gold nanoparticles biosynthesized from Cissus quadrangular extract confirm the capping biomaterial of the synthesized nanoparticles
Summary
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), due to their unique qualities and various surface characteristics, have been widely exploited in bionanotechnology. The ease with which AuNPs can be functionalized makes them a flexible platform for nano biological assemblies containing oligonucleotides [1], antibodies [2], and proteins [3]. The binding of the sample to the AuNPs can change the rheological feature of AuNPs, such as surface plasmon resonance, conductivity, and redox behavior, resulting in notable signals [4–7] in diagnostics. With their enormous surface area, AuNPs can be used as a platform for therapeutic agents. This review aims to summarize the data on gold nanoparticles synthesized by extracts of medicinal plants, their parts, and their usefulness in biological and theranostic properties
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